Artikkeli 1, Kahden muuttujan koropleettikartta

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Toisen kurssikerran aiheena oli kahden muuttujan teemakartta ja lisätehtävänä kahden muuttujan teemakarttaa käsittelevä artikkeli.

Artikkelissaan ”Two-variable choropleth maps as useful tool for visualization of geographical relationship” (Geografija 42: 1, 33-37. 2006.) Anna Leonowicz pohtii kahden muuttujan koropleettikarttojen hyödyllisyyttä maantieteellisten riippuvuuksien kuvaamisessa kartoilla. Leonowiczin mukaan yleisessä käytössä olevat ja yksinkertaiset yhden muuttujan koropleettikartat eivät ole hyviä kahden muuttujan välisten suhteiden kuvaamisessa. Tämä johtuu siitä, että samankaltaisuuksien hahmottaminen on hankalaa, kun ensin pitäisi tutkia kahta karttaa erikseen ja sitten etsiä yhteneväisyyksiä niiden väliltä. Näin ollen tarvitaan tehokkaampi tapaa esittää maantieteellisiä suhteita. Kahden muuttujan koropleettikartalla voidaan esittää ilmiöitä siten, että niiden väliset korrelaatiot nousevat pääosaan. Kuitenkin kahden muuttujan koropleettikartta voi olla hankala luettava, varsinkin jos lukijalla ei ole aiempaa kartografista kokemusta tai kartta on tehty vaikeaksi ymmärtää.

Kahden muuttujan koropleettikartassa on siis samalla kartalla esitetty kahta eri ilmiötä. Jotta tällaisessa esittämistavassa olisi mitään järkeä, tulisi näiden kahden ilmiön jollain tavalla liittyä toisiinsa ja mielellään myös korreloida. Yhteneväisyyksiä on toki mahdollista esittää kahdella erillisellä koropleettikartalla, mutta kyseinen tapa ei aina ole toimiva. Vaikka suurimman arvon alueet olisivat samat ja helposti yhdistettävissä, jäisi muiden alueiden yhteneväisyyksien hahmottaminen puutteelliseksi. Koska olen itse maantieteilijä, olen harjaantunut  lukemaan erilaisia karttoja. Näin ollen koen kahden muuttujan koropleettikartan lähinnä äärimmäisen hyödyllisenä työkaluna yhteneväisyyksien visualisoinnissa.

Kahden muuttujan koropleettikarttaa tehdessä on kuitenkin muistettava tiettyjä asioita, tai lopputulos voi olla ylimaallisen kammottava ja mahdoton tulkita. Ensimmäinen ja tärkein asia on luokkien määrä, sillä jos luokkia on liikaa on kartan tulkinta mahdotonta. Tämä pätee ihan yhden muuttujankin kartoissa. Leonowiczin artikkelissa sopivaksi määräksi luokkia on ehdotettu 2×2 luokkaa eli yhteensä 4, jolloin erotettavissa ovat korkeat ja matalat arvot, tai 3×3, eli yhteensä 9 luokkaa, missä tapauksessa erotettavissa ovat matalat, keskitasoiset ja korkeat arvot. Toinen muistettava asia on värien tai rasterien loogisuus. Yhtä ilmiötä on parempi kuvata yhden värin eri sävyillä, kuin useilla toisistaan selkeästi eroavilla väreillä. Lisäksi ilmiön intensiivisyyttä olisi hyvä kuvata jotenkin loogisesti, vaikkapa siten, että mitä suurempi arvo, sitä tummempi väri. Lisäksi näiden kahden käytettävän värin olisi hyvä muodostaa toisistaan erottuvia välivärejä. Jos nämä asiat muistaa, niin mielestäni kahden muuttujan koropleettikartasta pitäisi tulla varsin selkeä ja luettava, joskin ymmärtäminen vaatinee enemmän kuin normaalit koropleettikartat. MapInfolla kahden muuttujan koropleettikartan tekeminen todennäköisesti onnistuisi äärimmäisen vaivattomasti, kunhan toisen muuttujan esittämiseen käyttäisi värejä ja toisen rastereita. Näin siksi, että MapInfo ei ole piirto-ohjelma, joten päällimäinen väri vain peittää toisen alleen, eikä läpinäkyvyyttä voi säätää.

Kartan erikoisuudesta johtuen on myös sen legendan oltava tavallisesta poikkeava, jotta tulkinta olisi edes teoriassa mahdollista. Samaa artikkelia käsittelevässä blogitekstissään Timo Säyrinen muotoilee hyvin kahden muuttujan koropleettikartan legendan syvimmän olemuksen:  ” Lähtökohtahan on se, että legendassa esitetään muuttujien 1 ja 2 osalta väri- ja rasterikoodien sisällöt, esimerkiksi siis kolmeen luokkaan jaotellun muuttujan 1 osalta kolme värikoodia ja kolmeen luokkaan jaetun muuttujan 2 osalta kolme rasterikoodia. Kaksiulotteisessa legendassa esitetään muuttujakenttä, eli tässä tapauksessa yhdeksän erilaisen pinnan selitykset.” Näin legendaksi muodostuu koordinaatisto, jossa välimuodotkin on kuvattu. Normaaleissa kartoissa legenda on yleensä rivi laatikoita, joissa värit on selitetty, tai sitten rivi erilaisia symboleita selityksineen. Näin ollen legendan erilaisuus voi hämmentää. Kuitenkin jälleen säyristä lainaten: ” Se on, jos luetaan kirjaimellisesti jo aikaisemmin oppimamme sääntö, että kaikki kartassa esiintyvät symbolit on selitettävä legendassa, ainoa hyväksytty tapa muodostaa 2-muuttujaisen koropleettikartan legenda.” Tästä olen äärimmäisen samaa mieltä, sillä ei ole erityisen järkevää tehdä karttaa, jonka legenda on huono, eikä juurikaan auta tulkitsemisessa vaan lähinnä sekoittaa lisää. Ensimmäinen rajoitus tähän asti käyttämämme ohjelman eli MapInfon takia tuleekin juuri legendassa, sillä sitä ei juurikaan voi itse muokata ja kaksiulotteisen legendan tekeminen on ainakin nykyisillä taidoillani mahdotonta. Piirto-ohjelmaa apuna käyttäen saisin varmaankin ihan pätevän legendan aikaiseksi.

Tällaisten karttojen käyttäminen vaatii kohdeyleisöltä hyvää hahmotuskykyä ja mielellään myös jonkinlaista kartografista pohjaa, joka helpottaisi esimerkiksi legendan tajuamista. Esimerkiksi Panu Lammi ja Viljami Ruohonen epäilevät kahden muuttujan koropleettikartan mahdollisuuksia. Artikkelissa on esimerkkinä huonosta kartasta esitetty U.S. Bureau of the Census:ksen 1970-luvulla tehty kartta, jonka lukemisen koehenkilöt kokivat vaikeaksi luettavaksi ja yhden muuttujan koropleettikartan selkeämmäksi ja informatiivisemmaksi. Ruonen kirjoittaa:  ”Artikkelista tuli mieleen se, että jos kerran jopa Bureau of the Census (Yhdysvaltain kauppaministeriön yksikkö) onnistuu sössimään kahden teeman teemakarttojen teon, niin millä todennäköisyydellä ne ovat edes suurimmassa osassa tapauksista selkeitä, intuitiivisia ja ennen kaikkea informatiivisia?” Lisäksi Lammi myötäilee Ruohosta ja toteaa: ”Pääsin samantyyppiseen päätelmään hänen kanssaan siitä, että Leonowicz itsekin alkaa jo epäillä kartan hyödyntämismahdollisuuksia monilla kiertoilmauksilla.”

Tokihan Leonowiczin artikkelin lopusta saa epäileväisen kuvan, kun kiertoilmauksia kuten ”seem an interesting alternative” käytetään. Kuitenkaan mielestäni epäileväinen asenne, tai se, että yksi kartantekijä on tehnyt huonon kartan ei ole hyvä syy olla käyttämättä kyseistä karttatyyppiä ollenkaan. Varmastikin kahden muuttujan koropleettikartat olisivat yleisen käytön alussa ei niin hyvä vaihtoehto, koska niiden tekijät, saatika sitten lukijat, eivät olisi tottuneet kyseiseen karttatyyppiin. Kuitenkin karttatyypin yleistyessä niihin tottuaisiin, niiden lukeminen todennäköisesti helpottuisi tottumisen myötä ja kartografit oppisivat tekemään selkeimpiä mahdollisia karttaesityksiä. Tosin aina joku onnistuu tekemään epäselvän kartan, vaikka kuinka opetettaisiin ja lisäksi joku toinen lukee kuitenkin jotain väärin eikä siksi ymmärrä. Kuitenkin kaikki asiat ja metodit ovat joskus olleet uusia, ja niitä on mahdollisesti sen ja perinteistä poikkeavan esittämistavan takia vieroksuttu.

Itse näen kahden muuttujan koropleettikartan hyvänä vaihtoehtona kahden muuttujan välisen yhteyden esittämiseen, mikäli kartta on tehty teknisesti oikein ja esittää järkeviä asioita. Tuskin itsekään lähtisin ensimmäisenä vaihtoehtonani tekemään kahden muuttujan koropleettikarttaa, mutta joihinkin tarkoituksiin se voisi sopia parhaiten. Mikäli ei sovi, niin kahta muuttujaa voi esittää kartalla muillakin tavoin kuin koropleetein. Esimerkiksi kartogrammit ovat yleensä varsin selkeitä ja helposti ymmärrettävissä, joten vaihtoehtoja kyllä löytyy. Lisäksi ottaisin huomioon karttani kohdeyleisön. Mielestäni esimerkiksi maantieteen opiskelijoille voisi hyvinkin esittää kahden muuttujan koropleettikarttoja, mutta Helsingin Sanomiin laittaisin mieluummin vaikkapa kartogrammin. Lisäksi tekniikka asettaa joitakin rajoituksia, ja ainakin MapInfo ohjaa kartan tekoa, kun osaa vaihtoehdoista ei vain ole mahdollista toteuttaa.

Lähteet:

Lammi, P. (2012).  Artikkeli 1: Kahden muuttujan koropleettikartta korrelaatiolla, kiitos 16.2.2012

<https://blogs.helsinki.fi/panlammi/2012/02/03/artikkeli-1-kahden-muuttujan-koropleettikartta-korrelaatiolla-kiitos/>

Leonowicz, A. (2006). Two-variable choropleth maps as a useful tool for visualization of geographical relationship. Geografija 42. 33-37.

Ruohonen, V. (2012). Artikkeli 1 – Two-variable coropleth maps as a useful tool for visualization for geographical relationship 16.2.2012

<https://blogs.helsinki.fi/viljamir/2012/01/26/artikkeli-1-two-variable-coropleth-maps-as-a-useful-tool-for-visualization-for-geographical-relationship/>

Säyrinen, T. (2012). Artikkeli 1. Näkemyksiä Anna Leonowiczin näkemyksiin 16.2.2012

<https://blogs.helsinki.fi/sayrinen/2012/01/25/artikkeli-1-nakemyksia-anna-leonowiczin-nakemyksiin-keskenhan-tama-viela-on/>

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