Scandinavians in 19th century Utah

1928BDAY

“…one may hear the various changes in Danish from North Jutland to Copenhagen, and listen to Norwegian as spoken in Christiania, Trondhjem and in the mixed-German Bergen, also to the worst Skane or southern Swedish, and to the best as spoken in Goteborg and Stockholm, or hear the different varieties of Swedish from Upsala to Ystad, and yet not hear anything quite like the mixture which is called Danish, Norwegian and Swedish in Utah.”

(Edward Anderson, 1890, cited in William Mulder, Homeward to Zion: The Mormon Migration from Scandinavia, University of Minnesota Press, 1957)

If this quotation is accurate, imagine what mix of Scandinavian languages would have existed in the late 1800s in certain settlements in Utah, a newly settled part of the United States. There were some 26,000 Scandinavia who came to Utah between 1849 and 1930, making it the first major influx to the U.S. (predating the Midwest and other locations by a few years). Was there any other region in the United States that had such a mix of Scandinavians in one location? What kind of koineization or accommodation would have occurred in their languages? What kind of dialect features came with the settlers and stayed? What a fascinating language contact situation, and how little we know about it.