by Tim Roth

It was October 2017 and I was sitting at my desk trying to plan the next round of my research in Tanzania for that next January. It just wasn’t working. I had started out wanting to write a fairly comprehensive description of the tense/aspect systems of our four different languages: Ikoma, Nata, Ishenyi, and Ngoreme. But I was constrained by time (due to family considerations, I could only do research trips of about three weeks at the maximum), and the fact that the languages were not cooperating with my initial design for the dissertation (how dare they!).

My first research trip to Tanzania for the dissertation was in October 2014. The plan for these trips was to collect as much data as possible while I was there, and sift through and analyze things when I got back. From Walker (2013) and others I had a pretty good idea of what forms were out there in Ikoma and Ngoreme. Less so for Nata and Ishenyi. So I still wanted to cast a wide net to see what I might find. I knew there was a possibility these systems had less to do with tense and were more aspectual, but I needed to find a way to tease that apart. I did some work on lexical aspect in each language, but I also needed texts. The SIL database had a variety of texts for Ikoma and Ngoreme, but not much for Nata and Ishenyi. So I got transcribed conversations for Ikoma and Ngoreme, and collected some other genres for Nata and Ishenyi. There was also the matter of a pesky formative Vká- that defied explanation at that point.

During the second research trip in June 2016, I again worked with all four languages, and tested a much longer list of verbs for lexical aspect. I researched grammatical tone, and cleaned up some of the texts that I had collected before. I again tried to make progress with the Vká- formative, and succeeded when I discovered the evidentiality piece to Vká- during that trip.

As it turned out, though, the lexical aspect tests didn’t reveal much of anything definitive apart from identifying statives. I would end up needing the deeper text corpus of Ikoma and Ngoreme to get a clearer picture on that. For the most part, Nata and Ishenyi seemed to fall in line with Ikoma. There were a few key differences but not really anything that would drive hundreds of pages of dissertation material. To make matters even more complicated, Ngoreme not only didn’t have evidential Vká-, but didn’t have a Vká- form at all. In places it did show up in previous research materials (which was rare), it appeared to just be an import from Ikoma, Nata, and/or Ishenyi.

I still tried to make the original idea work, and when that collapsed, tried to just write about Vká-. But the additional problem I encountered is the same one we had when as a team we were trying to conceptualize what a multilectal grammar might look like—how do I present the data comprehensively, but also in an intuitive and efficient way? It became too unwieldy very quickly. It was exacerbated by the comparative lack of texts (and therefore examples) for Nata and Isenye.

So by October 2017 I was faced with a choice for my January research trip. I could focus on Nata and Isenye, gather many more texts in those languages, and hope it would all sort itself out while not being able to check the Ikoma and Ngoreme data as thoroughly, or… I could spend my time being really thorough and accurate with Ikoma and Ngoreme, and live to research the Nata and Isenye at a later point.

The lesson, I suppose, is that in science you never quite know what you might find and where the road of experimentation and research might lead. We let the data guide us, always into the unexpected.

Walker, John B. 2013. Comparative tense and aspect in the Mara Bantu languages: Towards
a linguistic history. Langley, BC: Trinity Western MA thesis.
<www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/55388>

by Tim Roth

On January 21, I got back to the United States after two weeks of fieldwork in Musoma and I have a white whale on my mind. Herman Melville’s mid-19th century novel Moby-Dick is embedded in the American consciousness. You can’t escape it even if you haven’t read it. Bob Dylan named it in his Nobel Prize speech last year as one of the books that has influenced him the most. He alludes to it in many of his songs. The Starbucks coffee chain is named after the chief mate in the novel. Along with “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times” from A Tale of Two Cities, “Call me Ishmael” is one of the most famous opening lines in Western literature. Not sure exactly what it is about the novel. It surely can’t be the chapters on the biological taxonomy of whales.

Four years ago, when I began to think about what I wanted my PhD topic to be, I became fascinated (not obsessed) with one morpheme in particular in our project languages, Vká-. It was glossed as an inceptive in the few articles that mentioned it, but there were always footnotes that wondered openly exactly what it was doing and how it functioned. And so this was a perfect topic–there were plenty of questions to explore, and it was something that was not going to be easy.

And here I am now, and I don’t regret a thing. I am still fascinated (not obsessed) by my topic, and that has spread to other parts of these languages, including verbal semantics and TAM in general. I consider each of my short-term trips to the area to be a success. I feel like I have figured out quite a bit about how the verbal systems work in these languages, Vká- included. But there’s always something we don’t know. And there always will be. Before my PhD, I had done a fair amount of fieldwork. But through this project I have realized viscerally just how unpredictable actual linguistic fieldwork is. You have your boat, your nets and lines, and your harpoon. Your questionnaire and sample sentences and scenarios. You know what you’re after. You have your questions and you want the answers. Like Captain Ahab you’re going after your white whale. And in this novel, just like Moby-Dick, knowing everything is out of reach. But you snag enough for it to be completely worth it every time. My advisor sent me an email that sums up this sentiment: “It seems that you got a lot of nice data again, although maybe not everything you wanted. Usual fieldwork”.

by Antti Laine

After more than twelve hours on planes and airports, flying via Berlin and Abu Dhabi, I finally landed around noon on the 6th of September. As soon as I walked out from under the terminal’s grand canopy of reinforced concrete, the distinct scent of the city hit me with the confirmation that I had indeed arrived in Dar es Salaam.

Of course I already had my visa for three months at this point, but there was more business to take care of in the city. It took a couple of days of buzzing around town in bajajis to take care of everything. I visited colleagues at the University of Dar es Salaam and met with fellow researchers who were also staying in the city at the time. Naturally I had to make a stop at a good bookstore near the Askari monument to obtain some more books in Swahili (including some Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o, Usiku Elfu na Moja and Historia ya Afrika.

Another thing to take care of was the bureaucracy surrounding my research permit, so I headed (having printed and filled out the appropriate papers and taken some passport photos) to the Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology, universally known as the Sayansi building. I had a busy day driving around in a bajaj paying application fees and returning receits to the offices.

All this was naturally happening simultaneously with getting acquainted with the local culture – and the local language. My knowledge of Swahili was extensive but hopelessly theoretical, and getting the hang of the practicalities is still an on-going process. At first the biggest trouble was with understanding what’s being said. One thing I noticed was that people seem to talk quite loudly to each other, but very quietly to me, which I find rather frustrating. Often I would struggle to hear what someone was saying, so I wouldn’t even know whether or not it was something I would’ve understood in the first place. Luckily, though, the ear seems to be capable of learning and adapting, and my language proficiency keeps improving with every passing day.

I feel like none of these early experiences with the language, culture, navigating the city and taking care of the bureaucracy would have been anywhere near as succesful without Hannah, a friend and more experienced researcher, who was kind enough to be (and I was lucky enough to have her) travelling with me. Her knowledge of what to do and how to do it, familiarity with the city and a general understanding of how one should go about one’s business in this country was all an invaluable help, providing me with a softer landing to this expedition. Without her, I would probably still be stuck in traffic in Dar.

While being stuck in traffic in Dar is and was a fact of life, we did manage to return to the airport (even though our bajaj’s were stopped on the way by the local intersection thugs demanding money) and catch our flight to Mwanza, on the shores of Lake Victoria. The city, second largest in Tanzania, seemed small and peaceful after the buzz of four million people in Dar. The house crows had become little egrets, cattle egrets, black kites and marabou storks as we drove towards the city centre from the airport. Mwanza, however, was not to be our final destination. Instead, we drove north along the lakeshore to Musoma, capital of the Mara region on the eastern side of the lake.

Musoma is a lakeside town on a peninsula on a peninsula. Sort of. The town is located on a spit jutting north from the side of the beginnings on a larger peninsula – the centre is surrounded by water on three sides, and the name apparently comes from the Kwaya word for peninsula – omusoma. The centre is a low but densely built place bustling with people and motorcycles (pikipiki‘s), and that’s where one will find food and drink and whatever shopping needs to be done (gambuti or Wellington boots for example, if one is inclined to go to the lakeshore marsh to see some birds – I saw 37 different kinds in one morning, though a later trip to the Serengeti upped my one-day record to 99 [as of the time of writing, I’m at 153 species in Tanzania on this trip]). There’s a supermarket called Alpha Choice further south of the centre, but it’s a bit of a long way to be sitting on the back of a pikipiki so I haven’t visited.

One very noticeable feature of Musoma is the trade in dagaa, the tiny fish apparently called ”silver cyprinid” living in the lake. People are carrying bucketloads around and selling it in street corners and it can be seen around drying in the sun. The lake itself is lovely and its shores beautiful. The breeze coming from over the water is a respite from the equatorial heat, and you can’t complain about things when sipping a cold Tangawizi on a lakeside bar at sunset. Also, water birds. There’s no swimming, however; schistosomiasis will get you.

Musoma is the capital of Mkoa wa Mara, or the Mara Region, straddled between the lake, Kenya and the Serengeti, with the Mara river running through it (my first sightings of the purple swamphen and the African spoonbill were along the river, among others). The region is about the size of the Netherlands, and home to as many as 20 (or more) distinct languages (depending, as so often is the case, on the definitions of language and dialect). Most of them are Great Lakes Bantu languages, but the Nilotic languages Luo and Datooga are also spoken in the region. There is also evidence of Cushitic languages being spoken here in the past, so this is in a way a place where three of the large African language families come together. A diverse area indeed, with plenty of interesting things going on in the languages, including various contact phenomena. Good hunting grounds for some linguistic research.

Which brings us to my reason being here – research for my PhD. My aim as part of a larger project at the University of Helsinki is to investigate four of the local Bantu languages: Ikoma, Nata, Isenye and Ngoreme, closely related languages spoken in the southeast of the region and classified, along with Ikizu and Zanaki (perhaps known to many as the language and people of mwalimu Julius Nyerere), as the South Mara languages. The project aims to compile a comparative grammar of these languages, and I’m tasked with investigating their morphosyntax. A more accurate description of my future thesis, with a clearer picture of the major topics and emphases, will (hopefully!) emerge as I muck around in the data and discover ever more interesting things.

Currently, on my first expedition, I’ve been mostly focusing on negation, object marking and relative clauses, but also more basic things – gathering various missing forms and collecting (and checking) vocabulary, all of the languages in question being rather underresearched. Some interesting phenomena have already being popping up, including in the phonologies, which is an additional thing that needs to be figured out for the languages. I definitely seem to have my work cut out for me.

Another thing that has been infinitely helpful for me here in Musoma is the offices of the good people of SIL working in the region. The linguists, translators and other staff have been kind enough to grant me access to their facilities, not to mention their community and daily lives (and birding expeditions), making me feel welcome in a foreign land. My appreciation and heartfelt thanks go to all the people working here at the office!

In terms of the fieldwork itself, I’ve been conducting my interviews at the SIL, mainly with speakers already familiar with the offices and the kind of work we’re doing (finding informants – another matter in which the help of the people here has been invaluable). At first I found the interviews rather rough and exhausting, being able to read prompts in Swahili and hoping I’d get the recordings I wanted, but not being of much use in terms of discussing the material with the informants. As I went along, though, and as my language skills kept improving, I achieved a more practical and confident way of working, and I seem to be better at staying on top of things. Ultimately I feel like the learning curve hasn’t been too bad at all. (Though some of my earliest recordings still have long monologues of the informants explaining something in Swahili, which I wasn’t able to catch at the time and which I have to go through carefully to see what types of interesting things we were discussing.)

Another month (a bit less, actually) to go, still some work to do. Things are running smoothly and it seems I have a good plan and timetable to work through. It hasn’t been raining as much as it should this time of year, and as someone who’s not the biggest fan of heat, I’m quite looking forward to December in Helsinki. Snow under my feet and the harsh wind on my face is starting to sound like bliss (though the reality will probably be dark and rainy). Actually, the weather here in Musoma isn’t too bad – we’re far enough above sea level and tempered by the mass of lake water next door to keep the temperatures a lot nicer than it might be in some other locations (I’m looking at you, Dar es Salaam).

For my next trip, I really need to get my own pikipiki. Also, better shoes – mine are falling apart in addition to being a bit too warm. Or maybe I will go shoe-shopping in town as I’ve been planning to for a while. Still haven’t bought ones I’d need to play frisbee and football on the weekends, either. As for the rest of this trip, I’ll have to figure out how to send finished books back home so I don’t have to carry them. Then it’s off to Dar for a few days (coastal birds, anyone?) and then home.

In Musoma, on the the 1st of November, 2016