“The past is a foreign country: they do things differently there.” –L. P. Hartley, The Go-Between (1953)
Vilvoittava tuuli puhaltaa lempeästi, kun astelemme pääkatua pitkin roomalaisaikaiseen Ostian kaupunkiin. Suomessa syksy on jo pitkällä, mutta täällä olemme melkein kuin toisessa maailmassa. Puut kohoavat korkeina raunioiden yllä. Sisiliskot paistattelevat auringossa, mutta livahtavat karkuun, jos tulen liian lähelle.
Kaksikerroksisia taloja Ostiassa.
Aloitin työni väitöskirjan parissa viime syksynä osallistumalla pohjoismaisen tutkijaverkoston The Nordic Network for the Study of Judaism, Christianity and Islam järjestämälle seminaarimatkalle Roomaan. Ohjelmaan kuuluivat päivittäiset vierailut erilaisilla kohteilla, jotka liittyivät juutalaisuuden ja kristinuskon historiaan. Teimme myös päivämatkan Ostiaan, joka kasvoi roomalaisajalla sotilastukikohdasta vilkkaaksi kauppakaupungiksi. Rooman valtakunnan sorruttua se vähitellen hylättiin ja kaupungin jäännökset hautautuivat hiekkaan. Mussolinin valtakaudella sen alueella toteutettiin isoja kaivausprojekteja, mutta myös me saimme nähdä arkeologeja työssään vieraillessamme Ostiassa.
Minulle tämä seminaari merkitsi siten alkua omalle tutkimusmatkalleni menneisyyteen ja varhaiseen kristillisyyteen. Tutkin toiselle ja kolmannelle vuosisadalle ajoitettuja kirjoituksia, joissa kuvataan kristinuskoon kääntyviä ja seksuaalisen askeesin omaksuvia naisia. Näiden tekstien kautta lähestyn kysymystä siitä, miten askeettinen teologia ja eletty ruumiillinen todellisuus suhteutuvat toisiinsa. Hankkeemme kontekstissa tutkimukseni tarjoaa siis historiallista näkökulmaa ruumiilliseen uskontoon ja sukupuoleen.
Kaupungin portilla sijainnut kauppa.
Kun muut hankkeemme tutkijat saattavat työskennellä etnografisen tai esimerkiksi haastatteluissa kerätyn materiaalin parissa, omassa tutkimuksessani lähteitä ovat vanhat tekstit. Ne ovat syntyneet aivan toisenlaisessa maailmassa, kuin missä itse elän. On ensisijaisen tärkeää olla tietoinen siitä, miten tekstin edustama maailma on monin tavoin totaalisen eri, mutta toisaalta tutkijana on myös välttämätöntä luoda siihen jonkinlainen suhde. Kysymykset tekstille ja tapa etsiä niitä nousevat kuitenkin ensisijaisesti nykyisyydestä, ja jokainen tutkija joutuu kamppailemaan ajallisen etäisyyden kanssa. Mitä ja miten kaukaisesta menneisyydestä on mahdollista ajatella?
”The past is a foreign country: they do things differently there.” Hartleyn romaanin The Go-Between avaava virke on alkuperäisestä yhteydestään irrotettuna alkanut elää omaa elämäänsä samalla, kun se on innoittanut monia menneisyyteen suuntautuneita tutkijoita. Minua se auttaa oivaltamaan samankaltaisuutta matkustamisessa vieraaseen maahan ja historiallisten aiheiden tutkimisessa. Matkustaessa ja erityisesti asuessa ulkomailla tulee myös esiin, miten monet itsestään selvänä pitämänsä asiat eivät sitä ole. Parhaimmillaan sekä matkustamista että tutkimusta määrittää asenne, johon kuuluu avoimuus, ihmettely, kysyminen sekä itsensä laittaminen jollain lailla sivuun, mikä liittyy ehkä itselle vieraan kunnioittavaan kohtaamiseen. Etäisyys ei ole pelkästään ajallista, vaan se on myös maantieteellistä ja materiaalista. Lainauksen ajatus muistuttaa siitä, etteivät omat tapamme ja asioille antamamme merkitykset ole ajasta ja paikasta irrallisia. Toisaalta se antaa mahdollisuuden ajatella, ettei mennyt ole kokonaan tavoittamaton, sillä vierasta voi oppia ymmärtämään.
Marmorilla päällystetyt seinät ylellisessä talossa. Amorin ja Psykheen patsas edustaa Ostiasta löytynyttä taidetta.
Kävellessään Ostian halki voi kuvitella kulkevansa muinaisessa kaupungissa. Samaa katua on kävelty myös tuhansia vuosia sitten. Katua ovat voineet kiirehtiä yhteiskunnassa erilaisissa asemissa olevat ihmiset, orjat ja herrat, kreikkalaiset ja juutalaiset, miehet ja naiset, kuka mihinkin. Muinaisessa kaupungissa samoillessaan voi nähdä lukuisia temppeleitä, kaksikerroksisia taloja, kauppoja, mosaiikkeja. Ihmeteltävää riittää. Myös tutkimus on ruumiillista sitä kautta, että nähdessään lukuisia eri jumalille omistettuja temppeleitä ymmärtää kokemuksellisemmin, mitä roomalaisen yhteiskunnan uskonnollinen moninaisuus tarkoittaakaan.
Kun päivä Ostiassa on tullut päätökseensä, suuntaamme kohti juna-asemaa. Monet meistä ovat hieman nuutuneita, minua janottaa. Aurinko ja kulkeminen jalan ovat varmasti aina väsyttäneet ihmisen. Vaikka olen ennenkin vieraillut muinaisilla kohteilla, on tämä kerta ollut erityinen. Ehkä olen oppinut kysymään rohkeammin, ihmettelemään avoimemmin. Tästä ihmettelyn periaatteesta haluan pitää kiinni. Matkani on vasta alkanut.
Rooman-suuntainen pääkatu.
Olen aiemmin kirjoittanut toisaalla, miten seksuaalinen asketismi ilmenee Paavalin ja Teklan tekoina tunnetussa kirjoituksessa: Kun nainen ei vaikene – neuvotteluja sukupuolesta, vallasta ja uskosta Paavalin ja Teklan teoissa
Lisää tietoa verkostosta The Nordic Network for the Study of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam in the First Millenium ja ensi syksynä Etiopiassa järjestettävästä seminaarista: http://nnjci.mf.no/
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